Looking further ahead, some in Ukraine are suggesting that a country serious about defending itself cannot rule out a return to nuclear weapons, particularly when its most important ally, the United States, may prove unreliable in the near future.
Last month, officials denied reports that a paper circulating in the Ministry of Defence had suggested a simple nuclear device could be developed in a matter of months.
It’s clearly not on the agenda now, but Alina Frolova, a former deputy defence minister, says the leak may not have been accidental.
“That’s obviously an option which is in discussion in Ukraine, among experts,” she says.
“In case we see that we have no support and we are losing this war and we need to protect our people… I believe it could be an option.”
It’s hard to see nuclear weapons returning any time soon to the snowy wastes outside Pervomais’k.
Just one of the base’s 30m-deep command silos remains intact, preserved much as it was when it was completed in 1979.
It’s a heavily fortified structure, built to withstand a nuclear attack, with heavy steel doors and subterranean tunnels connecting it to the rest of the base.
In a tiny, cramped control room at the bottom, accessible by an even more cramped lift, coded orders to launch intercontinental ballistic missiles would have been received, deciphered and acted upon.
Former missile technician Oleksandr Sushchenko shows how two operators would have turned the key and pressed the button (grey, not red), before playing a Hollywood-style video simulation of a massive, global nuclear exchange.
It’s faintly comic, but also deeply sobering.
Getting rid of the largest ICBMs, Oleksandr says, clearly made sense. In the mid-1990s, America was no longer the enemy.
But Ukraine’s nuclear arsenal included a variety of tactical weapons, with ranges between 100 and 1,000km.
“As it turned out, the enemy was much closer,” Oleksandr says.
“We could have kept a few dozen tactical warheads. That would have guaranteed security for our country.”
